Egypt
The Egyptian civilization grew up along the banks of the Nile River, to the northeast of Africa, around 3000 BC. The society evolved from the Organization of clans that has long been signed on the banks of the river for the purpose of planting and breeding animals. Other developments were promoted, such as writing, religion, architecture, a centralized government, development of agricultara and some science.
This civilization went through different phases, first the Egypt was divided into Upper Egypt and lower Egypt, in the second phase the two joined to form a just Government. After centralization was ruled by various dynasties. More the end of Empire, suffered invasions of other peoples, the most important was the Roman rule at the end of classical antiquity.
It was one of the first companies to self documenting, through the arts, writing, religious practices, leaving a legacy of many mysteries to be unraveled. The Pharaohs and their mystical origin fascinate many scholars to this day, mostly important figures such as Cleopatra, which marked a time and left his story spread through the centuries.
The influence of this society is in many areas of knowledge, such as mathematics, chemistry (because of the mummification techniques), agronomy, engineering and the arts. That is, the Egyptians have acquired development reflected in other cultures that had contact with them and spread until our times.
Somalia
Somalia, whose name in the local dialect means "black", is located in the easternmost portion of the African continent, known as the "Horn of Africa". Its territory, bathed by the Indian Ocean, is limited to the West by Ethiopia, the Northwest by Djibouti and South with Kenya.
The somali territory was dominated by various Nations. Portuguese, English, French and Italians controlled a few cities in the country, which won independence day 1 July 1960. Since then, Somalia has become ruled by dictators and rebel groups. This situation started in 1990, a civil war among rival clans fighting for dominance of national power. At the beginning of the 21st century, Islamic militias established bases in the country, including the Al-Qaeda (terrorist organization led by Osama Bin Laden).
Angola
Angola, as the vast majority of independent countries of Africa is a multi and trans-cultural State. This means that houses in its territory several cultures, languages, customs and different origins, which often go beyond the political boundaries established by Europeans in the 19th century. Socialist country since its independence until the early 90, and plagued by decades of independence and civil war, Angola today is experiencing a period of prosperity brought by oil exploration.
The perfect example of this are the northern and southern extremes. To the North, we have today an enclave of Cabinda, Angola between Congo-Kinshasa and Congo-Brazzaville, and formerly known as Portuguese Congo. Its population is of the Kongo, which uses a language of the same name. The Kongo are present even in the coastal region of the two Congos and Angolan provinces of Uige and Zaire. Cabinda, have a history in different part of Angola (was occupied by the Portuguese only in 1885, while the coastline of Angola was already settled since the 17th century), coexists with a separatist movement FLEC (front for the liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda), struggling since the 60 years for independence.
In the South of Angola, in various pockets are the khoisan peoples (or coissã), which form a group to the bantu peoples and the rest of the African peoples. His name is a portmanteau of the name of two groups, the Khoi and San, also known as Bushmen or Hottentots. It is believed that the khoisan are descendants of nomadic peoples who inhabited the Africa thousands of years ago, and were displaced with the bantu occupation. The khoisan languages are only known as "click languages", characterized by different sounds that do not exist in other languages, and has the distinctive sound of a click. The movie "the gods must be crazy" has as protagonists the members of this ethnic group. In addition to the Portuguese, the official language of the State, Angola has 42 regional languages.
The country is an exception within the African continent, because the European language has won more and more space in the Middle daily life at the expense of national languages, the opposite of what occurs in the rest of the continent.
In literature, the name of Agostinho Neto is traditionally cited as example, but Angola has produced other important writers, among them Pepetela, Luandino Vieira and Viriato da Cruz. The Union of Angolan writers was an important group between 70 and 80 years, helping many new authors to edit their books.
The Angolan music was important in the composition of various rhythms in Cuba and southeastern Brazil. Within the African continent, however, was slow to be edited on disks, especially artists of years 60 and 70, who developed the semba, Congolese rumba and merengue, using electric guitars and an intense percussion. In religion, the Cuban santeria and Brazilian Voodoo are largely based on traditional religious beliefs of Angolan people.
The Algeria
Algeria is located on the northern coast of Africa, is bathed by the Mediterranean. Do border with Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania, Western Sahara and Morocco. Is the second largest country in area of the African continent after Sudan.
The territory was inhabited primarily by the Berbers, then was occupied and incorporated by different peoples and empires, including the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, vandals, Byzantines and Arabs.
In the 1830 France invaded Algeria, intending to dominate the coastline. In 1857 the final French domination in Algerian territory. The struggle for independence intensified especially after World War II, with the popular uprising of 1945, but they were repressed with great violence by the French
AFLN (National Liberation Front) was organized in 1954, and started an armed struggle against the domination of France.
Only in 1962 the French recognised the independence of Algeria. About 1 million of the French left the country in the direction of France. The Algeria went on to be governed in the same year by Ahmed Well Bella, representative of the National Liberation Front, the country's only political party.
Only in 1989 did accept multiparty politics, this fact was due to protests of the population, which resulted in a constitutional reform that ended the one-party regime. The FIS (Islamic Liberation Front), the main opposition organization National Liberation Front.
The 1991 presidential election was won by the representative of the Islamic Liberation Front, Bendjedid. However, in 1992 there was a military coup which forced Bendjedid to resign the post.
In 2009, Abdelaziz Bouteflika was elected President of Algeria for the third time, charges of irregularities in the electoral dispute have been made by the media and opposition.
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